youtube-dl

YoutubeDL.py (112834B)

---

 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # coding: utf-8
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
 
 import collections
 import contextlib
 import copy
 import datetime
 import errno
 import fileinput
 import io
 import itertools
 import json
 import locale
 import operator
 import os
 import platform
 import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import socket
 import sys
 import time
 import tokenize
 import traceback
 import random
 
 from string import ascii_letters
 
 from .compat import (
     compat_basestring,
     compat_cookiejar,
     compat_get_terminal_size,
     compat_http_client,
     compat_kwargs,
     compat_numeric_types,
     compat_os_name,
     compat_str,
     compat_tokenize_tokenize,
     compat_urllib_error,
     compat_urllib_request,
     compat_urllib_request_DataHandler,
 )
 from .utils import (
     age_restricted,
     args_to_str,
     ContentTooShortError,
     date_from_str,
     DateRange,
     DEFAULT_OUTTMPL,
     determine_ext,
     determine_protocol,
     DownloadError,
     encode_compat_str,
     encodeFilename,
     error_to_compat_str,
     expand_path,
     ExtractorError,
     format_bytes,
     formatSeconds,
     GeoRestrictedError,
     int_or_none,
     ISO3166Utils,
     locked_file,
     make_HTTPS_handler,
     MaxDownloadsReached,
     orderedSet,
     PagedList,
     parse_filesize,
     PerRequestProxyHandler,
     platform_name,
     PostProcessingError,
     preferredencoding,
     prepend_extension,
     register_socks_protocols,
     render_table,
     replace_extension,
     SameFileError,
     sanitize_filename,
     sanitize_path,
     sanitize_url,
     sanitized_Request,
     std_headers,
     str_or_none,
     subtitles_filename,
     UnavailableVideoError,
     url_basename,
     version_tuple,
     write_json_file,
     write_string,
     YoutubeDLCookieJar,
     YoutubeDLCookieProcessor,
     YoutubeDLHandler,
     YoutubeDLRedirectHandler,
 )
 from .cache import Cache
 from .extractor import get_info_extractor, gen_extractor_classes, _LAZY_LOADER
 from .extractor.openload import PhantomJSwrapper
 from .downloader import get_suitable_downloader
 from .downloader.rtmp import rtmpdump_version
 from .postprocessor import (
     FFmpegFixupM3u8PP,
     FFmpegFixupM4aPP,
     FFmpegFixupStretchedPP,
     FFmpegMergerPP,
     FFmpegPostProcessor,
     get_postprocessor,
 )
 from .version import __version__
 
 if compat_os_name == 'nt':
     import ctypes
 
 
 class YoutubeDL(object):
     """YoutubeDL class.
 
     YoutubeDL objects are the ones responsible of downloading the
     actual video file and writing it to disk if the user has requested
     it, among some other tasks. In most cases there should be one per
     program. As, given a video URL, the downloader doesn't know how to
     extract all the needed information, task that InfoExtractors do, it
     has to pass the URL to one of them.
 
     For this, YoutubeDL objects have a method that allows
     InfoExtractors to be registered in a given order. When it is passed
     a URL, the YoutubeDL object handles it to the first InfoExtractor it
     finds that reports being able to handle it. The InfoExtractor extracts
     all the information about the video or videos the URL refers to, and
     YoutubeDL process the extracted information, possibly using a File
     Downloader to download the video.
 
     YoutubeDL objects accept a lot of parameters. In order not to saturate
     the object constructor with arguments, it receives a dictionary of
     options instead. These options are available through the params
     attribute for the InfoExtractors to use. The YoutubeDL also
     registers itself as the downloader in charge for the InfoExtractors
     that are added to it, so this is a "mutual registration".
 
     Available options:
 
     username:          Username for authentication purposes.
     password:          Password for authentication purposes.
     videopassword:     Password for accessing a video.
     ap_mso:            Adobe Pass multiple-system operator identifier.
     ap_username:       Multiple-system operator account username.
     ap_password:       Multiple-system operator account password.
     usenetrc:          Use netrc for authentication instead.
     verbose:           Print additional info to stdout.
     quiet:             Do not print messages to stdout.
     no_warnings:       Do not print out anything for warnings.
     forceurl:          Force printing final URL.
     forcetitle:        Force printing title.
     forceid:           Force printing ID.
     forcethumbnail:    Force printing thumbnail URL.
     forcedescription:  Force printing description.
     forcefilename:     Force printing final filename.
     forceduration:     Force printing duration.
     forcejson:         Force printing info_dict as JSON.
     dump_single_json:  Force printing the info_dict of the whole playlist
                        (or video) as a single JSON line.
     simulate:          Do not download the video files.
     format:            Video format code. See options.py for more information.
     outtmpl:           Template for output names.
     outtmpl_na_placeholder: Placeholder for unavailable meta fields.
     restrictfilenames: Do not allow "&" and spaces in file names
     ignoreerrors:      Do not stop on download errors.
     force_generic_extractor: Force downloader to use the generic extractor
     nooverwrites:      Prevent overwriting files.
     playliststart:     Playlist item to start at.
     playlistend:       Playlist item to end at.
     playlist_items:    Specific indices of playlist to download.
     playlistreverse:   Download playlist items in reverse order.
     playlistrandom:    Download playlist items in random order.
     matchtitle:        Download only matching titles.
     rejecttitle:       Reject downloads for matching titles.
     logger:            Log messages to a logging.Logger instance.
     logtostderr:       Log messages to stderr instead of stdout.
     writedescription:  Write the video description to a .description file
     writeinfojson:     Write the video description to a .info.json file
     writeannotations:  Write the video annotations to a .annotations.xml file
     writethumbnail:    Write the thumbnail image to a file
     write_all_thumbnails:  Write all thumbnail formats to files
     writesubtitles:    Write the video subtitles to a file
     writeautomaticsub: Write the automatically generated subtitles to a file
     allsubtitles:      Downloads all the subtitles of the video
                        (requires writesubtitles or writeautomaticsub)
     listsubtitles:     Lists all available subtitles for the video
     subtitlesformat:   The format code for subtitles
     subtitleslangs:    List of languages of the subtitles to download
     keepvideo:         Keep the video file after post-processing
     daterange:         A DateRange object, download only if the upload_date is in the range.
     skip_download:     Skip the actual download of the video file
     cachedir:          Location of the cache files in the filesystem.
                        False to disable filesystem cache.
     noplaylist:        Download single video instead of a playlist if in doubt.
     age_limit:         An integer representing the user's age in years.
                        Unsuitable videos for the given age are skipped.
     min_views:         An integer representing the minimum view count the video
                        must have in order to not be skipped.
                        Videos without view count information are always
                        downloaded. None for no limit.
     max_views:         An integer representing the maximum view count.
                        Videos that are more popular than that are not
                        downloaded.
                        Videos without view count information are always
                        downloaded. None for no limit.
     download_archive:  File name of a file where all downloads are recorded.
                        Videos already present in the file are not downloaded
                        again.
     cookiefile:        File name where cookies should be read from and dumped to.
     nocheckcertificate:Do not verify SSL certificates
     prefer_insecure:   Use HTTP instead of HTTPS to retrieve information.
                        At the moment, this is only supported by YouTube.
     proxy:             URL of the proxy server to use
     geo_verification_proxy:  URL of the proxy to use for IP address verification
                        on geo-restricted sites.
     socket_timeout:    Time to wait for unresponsive hosts, in seconds
     bidi_workaround:   Work around buggy terminals without bidirectional text
                        support, using fridibi
     debug_printtraffic:Print out sent and received HTTP traffic
     include_ads:       Download ads as well
     default_search:    Prepend this string if an input url is not valid.
                        'auto' for elaborate guessing
     encoding:          Use this encoding instead of the system-specified.
     extract_flat:      Do not resolve URLs, return the immediate result.
                        Pass in 'in_playlist' to only show this behavior for
                        playlist items.
     postprocessors:    A list of dictionaries, each with an entry
                        * key:  The name of the postprocessor. See
                                youtube_dl/postprocessor/__init__.py for a list.
                        as well as any further keyword arguments for the
                        postprocessor.
     progress_hooks:    A list of functions that get called on download
                        progress, with a dictionary with the entries
                        * status: One of "downloading", "error", or "finished".
                                  Check this first and ignore unknown values.
 
                        If status is one of "downloading", or "finished", the
                        following properties may also be present:
                        * filename: The final filename (always present)
                        * tmpfilename: The filename we're currently writing to
                        * downloaded_bytes: Bytes on disk
                        * total_bytes: Size of the whole file, None if unknown
                        * total_bytes_estimate: Guess of the eventual file size,
                                                None if unavailable.
                        * elapsed: The number of seconds since download started.
                        * eta: The estimated time in seconds, None if unknown
                        * speed: The download speed in bytes/second, None if
                                 unknown
                        * fragment_index: The counter of the currently
                                          downloaded video fragment.
                        * fragment_count: The number of fragments (= individual
                                          files that will be merged)
 
                        Progress hooks are guaranteed to be called at least once
                        (with status "finished") if the download is successful.
     merge_output_format: Extension to use when merging formats.
     fixup:             Automatically correct known faults of the file.
                        One of:
                        - "never": do nothing
                        - "warn": only emit a warning
                        - "detect_or_warn": check whether we can do anything
                                            about it, warn otherwise (default)
     source_address:    Client-side IP address to bind to.
     call_home:         Boolean, true iff we are allowed to contact the
                        youtube-dl servers for debugging.
     sleep_interval:    Number of seconds to sleep before each download when
                        used alone or a lower bound of a range for randomized
                        sleep before each download (minimum possible number
                        of seconds to sleep) when used along with
                        max_sleep_interval.
     max_sleep_interval:Upper bound of a range for randomized sleep before each
                        download (maximum possible number of seconds to sleep).
                        Must only be used along with sleep_interval.
                        Actual sleep time will be a random float from range
                        [sleep_interval; max_sleep_interval].
     listformats:       Print an overview of available video formats and exit.
     list_thumbnails:   Print a table of all thumbnails and exit.
     match_filter:      A function that gets called with the info_dict of
                        every video.
                        If it returns a message, the video is ignored.
                        If it returns None, the video is downloaded.
                        match_filter_func in utils.py is one example for this.
     no_color:          Do not emit color codes in output.
     geo_bypass:        Bypass geographic restriction via faking X-Forwarded-For
                        HTTP header
     geo_bypass_country:
                        Two-letter ISO 3166-2 country code that will be used for
                        explicit geographic restriction bypassing via faking
                        X-Forwarded-For HTTP header
     geo_bypass_ip_block:
                        IP range in CIDR notation that will be used similarly to
                        geo_bypass_country
 
     The following options determine which downloader is picked:
     external_downloader: Executable of the external downloader to call.
                        None or unset for standard (built-in) downloader.
     hls_prefer_native: Use the native HLS downloader instead of ffmpeg/avconv
                        if True, otherwise use ffmpeg/avconv if False, otherwise
                        use downloader suggested by extractor if None.
 
     The following parameters are not used by YoutubeDL itself, they are used by
     the downloader (see youtube_dl/downloader/common.py):
     nopart, updatetime, buffersize, ratelimit, min_filesize, max_filesize, test,
     noresizebuffer, retries, continuedl, noprogress, consoletitle,
     xattr_set_filesize, external_downloader_args, hls_use_mpegts,
     http_chunk_size.
 
     The following options are used by the post processors:
     prefer_ffmpeg:     If False, use avconv instead of ffmpeg if both are available,
                        otherwise prefer ffmpeg.
     ffmpeg_location:   Location of the ffmpeg/avconv binary; either the path
                        to the binary or its containing directory.
     postprocessor_args: A list of additional command-line arguments for the
                         postprocessor.
 
     The following options are used by the Youtube extractor:
     youtube_include_dash_manifest: If True (default), DASH manifests and related
                         data will be downloaded and processed by extractor.
                         You can reduce network I/O by disabling it if you don't
                         care about DASH.
     """
 
     _NUMERIC_FIELDS = set((
         'width', 'height', 'tbr', 'abr', 'asr', 'vbr', 'fps', 'filesize', 'filesize_approx',
         'timestamp', 'upload_year', 'upload_month', 'upload_day',
         'duration', 'view_count', 'like_count', 'dislike_count', 'repost_count',
         'average_rating', 'comment_count', 'age_limit',
         'start_time', 'end_time',
         'chapter_number', 'season_number', 'episode_number',
         'track_number', 'disc_number', 'release_year',
         'playlist_index',
     ))
 
     params = None
     _ies = []
     _pps = []
     _download_retcode = None
     _num_downloads = None
     _playlist_level = 0
     _playlist_urls = set()
     _screen_file = None
 
     def __init__(self, params=None, auto_init=True):
         """Create a FileDownloader object with the given options."""
         if params is None:
             params = {}
         self._ies = []
         self._ies_instances = {}
         self._pps = []
         self._progress_hooks = []
         self._download_retcode = 0
         self._num_downloads = 0
         self._screen_file = [sys.stdout, sys.stderr][params.get('logtostderr', False)]
         self._err_file = sys.stderr
         self.params = {
             # Default parameters
             'nocheckcertificate': False,
         }
         self.params.update(params)
         self.cache = Cache(self)
 
         def check_deprecated(param, option, suggestion):
             if self.params.get(param) is not None:
                 self.report_warning(
                     '%s is deprecated. Use %s instead.' % (option, suggestion))
                 return True
             return False
 
         if check_deprecated('cn_verification_proxy', '--cn-verification-proxy', '--geo-verification-proxy'):
             if self.params.get('geo_verification_proxy') is None:
                 self.params['geo_verification_proxy'] = self.params['cn_verification_proxy']
 
         check_deprecated('autonumber_size', '--autonumber-size', 'output template with %(autonumber)0Nd, where N in the number of digits')
         check_deprecated('autonumber', '--auto-number', '-o "%(autonumber)s-%(title)s.%(ext)s"')
         check_deprecated('usetitle', '--title', '-o "%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s"')
 
         if params.get('bidi_workaround', False):
             try:
                 import pty
                 master, slave = pty.openpty()
                 width = compat_get_terminal_size().columns
                 if width is None:
                     width_args = []
                 else:
                     width_args = ['-w', str(width)]
                 sp_kwargs = dict(
                     stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                     stdout=slave,
                     stderr=self._err_file)
                 try:
                     self._output_process = subprocess.Popen(
                         ['bidiv'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs
                     )
                 except OSError:
                     self._output_process = subprocess.Popen(
                         ['fribidi', '-c', 'UTF-8'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs)
                 self._output_channel = os.fdopen(master, 'rb')
             except OSError as ose:
                 if ose.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                     self.report_warning('Could not find fribidi executable, ignoring --bidi-workaround . Make sure that  fribidi  is an executable file in one of the directories in your $PATH.')
                 else:
                     raise
 
         if (sys.platform != 'win32'
                 and sys.getfilesystemencoding() in ['ascii', 'ANSI_X3.4-1968']
                 and not params.get('restrictfilenames', False)):
             # Unicode filesystem API will throw errors (#1474, #13027)
             self.report_warning(
                 'Assuming --restrict-filenames since file system encoding '
                 'cannot encode all characters. '
                 'Set the LC_ALL environment variable to fix this.')
             self.params['restrictfilenames'] = True
 
         if isinstance(params.get('outtmpl'), bytes):
             self.report_warning(
                 'Parameter outtmpl is bytes, but should be a unicode string. '
                 'Put  from __future__ import unicode_literals  at the top of your code file or consider switching to Python 3.x.')
 
         self._setup_opener()
 
         if auto_init:
             self.print_debug_header()
             self.add_default_info_extractors()
 
         for pp_def_raw in self.params.get('postprocessors', []):
             pp_class = get_postprocessor(pp_def_raw['key'])
             pp_def = dict(pp_def_raw)
             del pp_def['key']
             pp = pp_class(self, **compat_kwargs(pp_def))
             self.add_post_processor(pp)
 
         for ph in self.params.get('progress_hooks', []):
             self.add_progress_hook(ph)
 
         register_socks_protocols()
 
     def warn_if_short_id(self, argv):
         # short YouTube ID starting with dash?
         idxs = [
             i for i, a in enumerate(argv)
             if re.match(r'^-[0-9A-Za-z_-]{10}$', a)]
         if idxs:
             correct_argv = (
                 ['youtube-dl']
                 + [a for i, a in enumerate(argv) if i not in idxs]
                 + ['--'] + [argv[i] for i in idxs]
             )
             self.report_warning(
                 'Long argument string detected. '
                 'Use -- to separate parameters and URLs, like this:\n%s\n' %
                 args_to_str(correct_argv))
 
     def add_info_extractor(self, ie):
         """Add an InfoExtractor object to the end of the list."""
         self._ies.append(ie)
         if not isinstance(ie, type):
             self._ies_instances[ie.ie_key()] = ie
             ie.set_downloader(self)
 
     def get_info_extractor(self, ie_key):
         """
         Get an instance of an IE with name ie_key, it will try to get one from
         the _ies list, if there's no instance it will create a new one and add
         it to the extractor list.
         """
         ie = self._ies_instances.get(ie_key)
         if ie is None:
             ie = get_info_extractor(ie_key)()
             self.add_info_extractor(ie)
         return ie
 
     def add_default_info_extractors(self):
         """
         Add the InfoExtractors returned by gen_extractors to the end of the list
         """
         for ie in gen_extractor_classes():
             self.add_info_extractor(ie)
 
     def add_post_processor(self, pp):
         """Add a PostProcessor object to the end of the chain."""
         self._pps.append(pp)
         pp.set_downloader(self)
 
     def add_progress_hook(self, ph):
         """Add the progress hook (currently only for the file downloader)"""
         self._progress_hooks.append(ph)
 
     def _bidi_workaround(self, message):
         if not hasattr(self, '_output_channel'):
             return message
 
         assert hasattr(self, '_output_process')
         assert isinstance(message, compat_str)
         line_count = message.count('\n') + 1
         self._output_process.stdin.write((message + '\n').encode('utf-8'))
         self._output_process.stdin.flush()
         res = ''.join(self._output_channel.readline().decode('utf-8')
                       for _ in range(line_count))
         return res[:-len('\n')]
 
     def to_screen(self, message, skip_eol=False):
         """Print message to stdout if not in quiet mode."""
         return self.to_stdout(message, skip_eol, check_quiet=True)
 
     def _write_string(self, s, out=None):
         write_string(s, out=out, encoding=self.params.get('encoding'))
 
     def to_stdout(self, message, skip_eol=False, check_quiet=False):
         """Print message to stdout if not in quiet mode."""
         if self.params.get('logger'):
             self.params['logger'].debug(message)
         elif not check_quiet or not self.params.get('quiet', False):
             message = self._bidi_workaround(message)
             terminator = ['\n', ''][skip_eol]
             output = message + terminator
 
             self._write_string(output, self._screen_file)
 
     def to_stderr(self, message):
         """Print message to stderr."""
         assert isinstance(message, compat_str)
         if self.params.get('logger'):
             self.params['logger'].error(message)
         else:
             message = self._bidi_workaround(message)
             output = message + '\n'
             self._write_string(output, self._err_file)
 
     def to_console_title(self, message):
         if not self.params.get('consoletitle', False):
             return
         if compat_os_name == 'nt':
             if ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleWindow():
                 # c_wchar_p() might not be necessary if `message` is
                 # already of type unicode()
                 ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTitleW(ctypes.c_wchar_p(message))
         elif 'TERM' in os.environ:
             self._write_string('\033]0;%s\007' % message, self._screen_file)
 
     def save_console_title(self):
         if not self.params.get('consoletitle', False):
             return
         if self.params.get('simulate', False):
             return
         if compat_os_name != 'nt' and 'TERM' in os.environ:
             # Save the title on stack
             self._write_string('\033[22;0t', self._screen_file)
 
     def restore_console_title(self):
         if not self.params.get('consoletitle', False):
             return
         if self.params.get('simulate', False):
             return
         if compat_os_name != 'nt' and 'TERM' in os.environ:
             # Restore the title from stack
             self._write_string('\033[23;0t', self._screen_file)
 
     def __enter__(self):
         self.save_console_title()
         return self
 
     def __exit__(self, *args):
         self.restore_console_title()
 
         if self.params.get('cookiefile') is not None:
             self.cookiejar.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
 
     def trouble(self, message=None, tb=None):
         """Determine action to take when a download problem appears.
 
         Depending on if the downloader has been configured to ignore
         download errors or not, this method may throw an exception or
         not when errors are found, after printing the message.
 
         tb, if given, is additional traceback information.
         """
         if message is not None:
             self.to_stderr(message)
         if self.params.get('verbose'):
             if tb is None:
                 if sys.exc_info()[0]:  # if .trouble has been called from an except block
                     tb = ''
                     if hasattr(sys.exc_info()[1], 'exc_info') and sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info[0]:
                         tb += ''.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info))
                     tb += encode_compat_str(traceback.format_exc())
                 else:
                     tb_data = traceback.format_list(traceback.extract_stack())
                     tb = ''.join(tb_data)
             self.to_stderr(tb)
         if not self.params.get('ignoreerrors', False):
             if sys.exc_info()[0] and hasattr(sys.exc_info()[1], 'exc_info') and sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info[0]:
                 exc_info = sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info
             else:
                 exc_info = sys.exc_info()
             raise DownloadError(message, exc_info)
         self._download_retcode = 1
 
     def report_warning(self, message):
         '''
         Print the message to stderr, it will be prefixed with 'WARNING:'
         If stderr is a tty file the 'WARNING:' will be colored
         '''
         if self.params.get('logger') is not None:
             self.params['logger'].warning(message)
         else:
             if self.params.get('no_warnings'):
                 return
             if not self.params.get('no_color') and self._err_file.isatty() and compat_os_name != 'nt':
                 _msg_header = '\033[0;33mWARNING:\033[0m'
             else:
                 _msg_header = 'WARNING:'
             warning_message = '%s %s' % (_msg_header, message)
             self.to_stderr(warning_message)
 
     def report_error(self, message, tb=None):
         '''
         Do the same as trouble, but prefixes the message with 'ERROR:', colored
         in red if stderr is a tty file.
         '''
         if not self.params.get('no_color') and self._err_file.isatty() and compat_os_name != 'nt':
             _msg_header = '\033[0;31mERROR:\033[0m'
         else:
             _msg_header = 'ERROR:'
         error_message = '%s %s' % (_msg_header, message)
         self.trouble(error_message, tb)
 
     def report_file_already_downloaded(self, file_name):
         """Report file has already been fully downloaded."""
         try:
             self.to_screen('[download] %s has already been downloaded' % file_name)
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             self.to_screen('[download] The file has already been downloaded')
 
     def prepare_filename(self, info_dict):
         """Generate the output filename."""
         try:
             template_dict = dict(info_dict)
 
             template_dict['epoch'] = int(time.time())
             autonumber_size = self.params.get('autonumber_size')
             if autonumber_size is None:
                 autonumber_size = 5
             template_dict['autonumber'] = self.params.get('autonumber_start', 1) - 1 + self._num_downloads
             if template_dict.get('resolution') is None:
                 if template_dict.get('width') and template_dict.get('height'):
                     template_dict['resolution'] = '%dx%d' % (template_dict['width'], template_dict['height'])
                 elif template_dict.get('height'):
                     template_dict['resolution'] = '%sp' % template_dict['height']
                 elif template_dict.get('width'):
                     template_dict['resolution'] = '%dx?' % template_dict['width']
 
             sanitize = lambda k, v: sanitize_filename(
                 compat_str(v),
                 restricted=self.params.get('restrictfilenames'),
                 is_id=(k == 'id' or k.endswith('_id')))
             template_dict = dict((k, v if isinstance(v, compat_numeric_types) else sanitize(k, v))
                                  for k, v in template_dict.items()
                                  if v is not None and not isinstance(v, (list, tuple, dict)))
             template_dict = collections.defaultdict(lambda: self.params.get('outtmpl_na_placeholder', 'NA'), template_dict)
 
             outtmpl = self.params.get('outtmpl', DEFAULT_OUTTMPL)
 
             # For fields playlist_index and autonumber convert all occurrences
             # of %(field)s to %(field)0Nd for backward compatibility
             field_size_compat_map = {
                 'playlist_index': len(str(template_dict['n_entries'])),
                 'autonumber': autonumber_size,
             }
             FIELD_SIZE_COMPAT_RE = r'(?<!%)%\((?P<field>autonumber|playlist_index)\)s'
             mobj = re.search(FIELD_SIZE_COMPAT_RE, outtmpl)
             if mobj:
                 outtmpl = re.sub(
                     FIELD_SIZE_COMPAT_RE,
                     r'%%(\1)0%dd' % field_size_compat_map[mobj.group('field')],
                     outtmpl)
 
             # Missing numeric fields used together with integer presentation types
             # in format specification will break the argument substitution since
             # string NA placeholder is returned for missing fields. We will patch
             # output template for missing fields to meet string presentation type.
             for numeric_field in self._NUMERIC_FIELDS:
                 if numeric_field not in template_dict:
                     # As of [1] format syntax is:
                     #  %[mapping_key][conversion_flags][minimum_width][.precision][length_modifier]type
                     # 1. https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting
                     FORMAT_RE = r'''(?x)
                         (?<!%)
                         %
                         \({0}\)  # mapping key
                         (?:[#0\-+ ]+)?  # conversion flags (optional)
                         (?:\d+)?  # minimum field width (optional)
                         (?:\.\d+)?  # precision (optional)
                         [hlL]?  # length modifier (optional)
                         [diouxXeEfFgGcrs%]  # conversion type
                     '''
                     outtmpl = re.sub(
                         FORMAT_RE.format(numeric_field),
                         r'%({0})s'.format(numeric_field), outtmpl)
 
             # expand_path translates '%%' into '%' and '$$' into '$'
             # correspondingly that is not what we want since we need to keep
             # '%%' intact for template dict substitution step. Working around
             # with boundary-alike separator hack.
             sep = ''.join([random.choice(ascii_letters) for _ in range(32)])
             outtmpl = outtmpl.replace('%%', '%{0}%'.format(sep)).replace('$$', '${0}$'.format(sep))
 
             # outtmpl should be expand_path'ed before template dict substitution
             # because meta fields may contain env variables we don't want to
             # be expanded. For example, for outtmpl "%(title)s.%(ext)s" and
             # title "Hello $PATH", we don't want `$PATH` to be expanded.
             filename = expand_path(outtmpl).replace(sep, '') % template_dict
 
             # Temporary fix for #4787
             # 'Treat' all problem characters by passing filename through preferredencoding
             # to workaround encoding issues with subprocess on python2 @ Windows
             if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and sys.platform == 'win32':
                 filename = encodeFilename(filename, True).decode(preferredencoding())
             return sanitize_path(filename)
         except ValueError as err:
             self.report_error('Error in output template: ' + str(err) + ' (encoding: ' + repr(preferredencoding()) + ')')
             return None
 
     def _match_entry(self, info_dict, incomplete):
         """ Returns None iff the file should be downloaded """
 
         video_title = info_dict.get('title', info_dict.get('id', 'video'))
         if 'title' in info_dict:
             # This can happen when we're just evaluating the playlist
             title = info_dict['title']
             matchtitle = self.params.get('matchtitle', False)
             if matchtitle:
                 if not re.search(matchtitle, title, re.IGNORECASE):
                     return '"' + title + '" title did not match pattern "' + matchtitle + '"'
             rejecttitle = self.params.get('rejecttitle', False)
             if rejecttitle:
                 if re.search(rejecttitle, title, re.IGNORECASE):
                     return '"' + title + '" title matched reject pattern "' + rejecttitle + '"'
         date = info_dict.get('upload_date')
         if date is not None:
             dateRange = self.params.get('daterange', DateRange())
             if date not in dateRange:
                 return '%s upload date is not in range %s' % (date_from_str(date).isoformat(), dateRange)
         view_count = info_dict.get('view_count')
         if view_count is not None:
             min_views = self.params.get('min_views')
             if min_views is not None and view_count < min_views:
                 return 'Skipping %s, because it has not reached minimum view count (%d/%d)' % (video_title, view_count, min_views)
             max_views = self.params.get('max_views')
             if max_views is not None and view_count > max_views:
                 return 'Skipping %s, because it has exceeded the maximum view count (%d/%d)' % (video_title, view_count, max_views)
         if age_restricted(info_dict.get('age_limit'), self.params.get('age_limit')):
             return 'Skipping "%s" because it is age restricted' % video_title
         if self.in_download_archive(info_dict):
             return '%s has already been recorded in archive' % video_title
 
         if not incomplete:
             match_filter = self.params.get('match_filter')
             if match_filter is not None:
                 ret = match_filter(info_dict)
                 if ret is not None:
                     return ret
 
         return None
 
     @staticmethod
     def add_extra_info(info_dict, extra_info):
         '''Set the keys from extra_info in info dict if they are missing'''
         for key, value in extra_info.items():
             info_dict.setdefault(key, value)
 
     def extract_info(self, url, download=True, ie_key=None, extra_info={},
                      process=True, force_generic_extractor=False):
         """
         Return a list with a dictionary for each video extracted.
 
         Arguments:
         url -- URL to extract
 
         Keyword arguments:
         download -- whether to download videos during extraction
         ie_key -- extractor key hint
         extra_info -- dictionary containing the extra values to add to each result
         process -- whether to resolve all unresolved references (URLs, playlist items),
             must be True for download to work.
         force_generic_extractor -- force using the generic extractor
         """
 
         if not ie_key and force_generic_extractor:
             ie_key = 'Generic'
 
         if ie_key:
             ies = [self.get_info_extractor(ie_key)]
         else:
             ies = self._ies
 
         for ie in ies:
             if not ie.suitable(url):
                 continue
 
             ie = self.get_info_extractor(ie.ie_key())
             if not ie.working():
                 self.report_warning('The program functionality for this site has been marked as broken, '
                                     'and will probably not work.')
 
             return self.__extract_info(url, ie, download, extra_info, process)
         else:
             self.report_error('no suitable InfoExtractor for URL %s' % url)
 
     def __handle_extraction_exceptions(func):
         def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
             try:
                 return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
             except GeoRestrictedError as e:
                 msg = e.msg
                 if e.countries:
                     msg += '\nThis video is available in %s.' % ', '.join(
                         map(ISO3166Utils.short2full, e.countries))
                 msg += '\nYou might want to use a VPN or a proxy server (with --proxy) to workaround.'
                 self.report_error(msg)
             except ExtractorError as e:  # An error we somewhat expected
                 self.report_error(compat_str(e), e.format_traceback())
             except MaxDownloadsReached:
                 raise
             except Exception as e:
                 if self.params.get('ignoreerrors', False):
                     self.report_error(error_to_compat_str(e), tb=encode_compat_str(traceback.format_exc()))
                 else:
                     raise
         return wrapper
 
     @__handle_extraction_exceptions
     def __extract_info(self, url, ie, download, extra_info, process):
         ie_result = ie.extract(url)
         if ie_result is None:  # Finished already (backwards compatibility; listformats and friends should be moved here)
             return
         if isinstance(ie_result, list):
             # Backwards compatibility: old IE result format
             ie_result = {
                 '_type': 'compat_list',
                 'entries': ie_result,
             }
         self.add_default_extra_info(ie_result, ie, url)
         if process:
             return self.process_ie_result(ie_result, download, extra_info)
         else:
             return ie_result
 
     def add_default_extra_info(self, ie_result, ie, url):
         self.add_extra_info(ie_result, {
             'extractor': ie.IE_NAME,
             'webpage_url': url,
             'webpage_url_basename': url_basename(url),
             'extractor_key': ie.ie_key(),
         })
 
     def process_ie_result(self, ie_result, download=True, extra_info={}):
         """
         Take the result of the ie(may be modified) and resolve all unresolved
         references (URLs, playlist items).
 
         It will also download the videos if 'download'.
         Returns the resolved ie_result.
         """
         result_type = ie_result.get('_type', 'video')
 
         if result_type in ('url', 'url_transparent'):
             ie_result['url'] = sanitize_url(ie_result['url'])
             extract_flat = self.params.get('extract_flat', False)
             if ((extract_flat == 'in_playlist' and 'playlist' in extra_info)
                     or extract_flat is True):
                 self.__forced_printings(
                     ie_result, self.prepare_filename(ie_result),
                     incomplete=True)
                 return ie_result
 
         if result_type == 'video':
             self.add_extra_info(ie_result, extra_info)
             return self.process_video_result(ie_result, download=download)
         elif result_type == 'url':
             # We have to add extra_info to the results because it may be
             # contained in a playlist
             return self.extract_info(ie_result['url'],
                                      download,
                                      ie_key=ie_result.get('ie_key'),
                                      extra_info=extra_info)
         elif result_type == 'url_transparent':
             # Use the information from the embedding page
             info = self.extract_info(
                 ie_result['url'], ie_key=ie_result.get('ie_key'),
                 extra_info=extra_info, download=False, process=False)
 
             # extract_info may return None when ignoreerrors is enabled and
             # extraction failed with an error, don't crash and return early
             # in this case
             if not info:
                 return info
 
             force_properties = dict(
                 (k, v) for k, v in ie_result.items() if v is not None)
             for f in ('_type', 'url', 'id', 'extractor', 'extractor_key', 'ie_key'):
                 if f in force_properties:
                     del force_properties[f]
             new_result = info.copy()
             new_result.update(force_properties)
 
             # Extracted info may not be a video result (i.e.
             # info.get('_type', 'video') != video) but rather an url or
             # url_transparent. In such cases outer metadata (from ie_result)
             # should be propagated to inner one (info). For this to happen
             # _type of info should be overridden with url_transparent. This
             # fixes issue from https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/11163.
             if new_result.get('_type') == 'url':
                 new_result['_type'] = 'url_transparent'
 
             return self.process_ie_result(
                 new_result, download=download, extra_info=extra_info)
         elif result_type in ('playlist', 'multi_video'):
             # Protect from infinite recursion due to recursively nested playlists
             # (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27833)
             webpage_url = ie_result['webpage_url']
             if webpage_url in self._playlist_urls:
                 self.to_screen(
                     '[download] Skipping already downloaded playlist: %s'
                     % ie_result.get('title') or ie_result.get('id'))
                 return
 
             self._playlist_level += 1
             self._playlist_urls.add(webpage_url)
             try:
                 return self.__process_playlist(ie_result, download)
             finally:
                 self._playlist_level -= 1
                 if not self._playlist_level:
                     self._playlist_urls.clear()
         elif result_type == 'compat_list':
             self.report_warning(
                 'Extractor %s returned a compat_list result. '
                 'It needs to be updated.' % ie_result.get('extractor'))
 
             def _fixup(r):
                 self.add_extra_info(
                     r,
                     {
                         'extractor': ie_result['extractor'],
                         'webpage_url': ie_result['webpage_url'],
                         'webpage_url_basename': url_basename(ie_result['webpage_url']),
                         'extractor_key': ie_result['extractor_key'],
                     }
                 )
                 return r
             ie_result['entries'] = [
                 self.process_ie_result(_fixup(r), download, extra_info)
                 for r in ie_result['entries']
             ]
             return ie_result
         else:
             raise Exception('Invalid result type: %s' % result_type)
 
     def __process_playlist(self, ie_result, download):
         # We process each entry in the playlist
         playlist = ie_result.get('title') or ie_result.get('id')
 
         self.to_screen('[download] Downloading playlist: %s' % playlist)
 
         playlist_results = []
 
         playliststart = self.params.get('playliststart', 1) - 1
         playlistend = self.params.get('playlistend')
         # For backwards compatibility, interpret -1 as whole list
         if playlistend == -1:
             playlistend = None
 
         playlistitems_str = self.params.get('playlist_items')
         playlistitems = None
         if playlistitems_str is not None:
             def iter_playlistitems(format):
                 for string_segment in format.split(','):
                     if '-' in string_segment:
                         start, end = string_segment.split('-')
                         for item in range(int(start), int(end) + 1):
                             yield int(item)
                     else:
                         yield int(string_segment)
             playlistitems = orderedSet(iter_playlistitems(playlistitems_str))
 
         ie_entries = ie_result['entries']
 
         def make_playlistitems_entries(list_ie_entries):
             num_entries = len(list_ie_entries)
             return [
                 list_ie_entries[i - 1] for i in playlistitems
                 if -num_entries <= i - 1 < num_entries]
 
         def report_download(num_entries):
             self.to_screen(
                 '[%s] playlist %s: Downloading %d videos' %
                 (ie_result['extractor'], playlist, num_entries))
 
         if isinstance(ie_entries, list):
             n_all_entries = len(ie_entries)
             if playlistitems:
                 entries = make_playlistitems_entries(ie_entries)
             else:
                 entries = ie_entries[playliststart:playlistend]
             n_entries = len(entries)
             self.to_screen(
                 '[%s] playlist %s: Collected %d video ids (downloading %d of them)' %
                 (ie_result['extractor'], playlist, n_all_entries, n_entries))
         elif isinstance(ie_entries, PagedList):
             if playlistitems:
                 entries = []
                 for item in playlistitems:
                     entries.extend(ie_entries.getslice(
                         item - 1, item
                     ))
             else:
                 entries = ie_entries.getslice(
                     playliststart, playlistend)
             n_entries = len(entries)
             report_download(n_entries)
         else:  # iterable
             if playlistitems:
                 entries = make_playlistitems_entries(list(itertools.islice(
                     ie_entries, 0, max(playlistitems))))
             else:
                 entries = list(itertools.islice(
                     ie_entries, playliststart, playlistend))
             n_entries = len(entries)
             report_download(n_entries)
 
         if self.params.get('playlistreverse', False):
             entries = entries[::-1]
 
         if self.params.get('playlistrandom', False):
             random.shuffle(entries)
 
         x_forwarded_for = ie_result.get('__x_forwarded_for_ip')
 
         for i, entry in enumerate(entries, 1):
             self.to_screen('[download] Downloading video %s of %s' % (i, n_entries))
             # This __x_forwarded_for_ip thing is a bit ugly but requires
             # minimal changes
             if x_forwarded_for:
                 entry['__x_forwarded_for_ip'] = x_forwarded_for
             extra = {
                 'n_entries': n_entries,
                 'playlist': playlist,
                 'playlist_id': ie_result.get('id'),
                 'playlist_title': ie_result.get('title'),
                 'playlist_uploader': ie_result.get('uploader'),
                 'playlist_uploader_id': ie_result.get('uploader_id'),
                 'playlist_index': playlistitems[i - 1] if playlistitems else i + playliststart,
                 'extractor': ie_result['extractor'],
                 'webpage_url': ie_result['webpage_url'],
                 'webpage_url_basename': url_basename(ie_result['webpage_url']),
                 'extractor_key': ie_result['extractor_key'],
             }
 
             reason = self._match_entry(entry, incomplete=True)
             if reason is not None:
                 self.to_screen('[download] ' + reason)
                 continue
 
             entry_result = self.__process_iterable_entry(entry, download, extra)
             # TODO: skip failed (empty) entries?
             playlist_results.append(entry_result)
         ie_result['entries'] = playlist_results
         self.to_screen('[download] Finished downloading playlist: %s' % playlist)
         return ie_result
 
     @__handle_extraction_exceptions
     def __process_iterable_entry(self, entry, download, extra_info):
         return self.process_ie_result(
             entry, download=download, extra_info=extra_info)
 
     def _build_format_filter(self, filter_spec):
         " Returns a function to filter the formats according to the filter_spec "
 
         OPERATORS = {
             '<': operator.lt,
             '<=': operator.le,
             '>': operator.gt,
             '>=': operator.ge,
             '=': operator.eq,
             '!=': operator.ne,
         }
         operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
             (?P<key>width|height|tbr|abr|vbr|asr|filesize|filesize_approx|fps)
             \s*(?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
             (?P<value>[0-9.]+(?:[kKmMgGtTpPeEzZyY]i?[Bb]?)?)
             $
             ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, OPERATORS.keys())))
         m = operator_rex.search(filter_spec)
         if m:
             try:
                 comparison_value = int(m.group('value'))
             except ValueError:
                 comparison_value = parse_filesize(m.group('value'))
                 if comparison_value is None:
                     comparison_value = parse_filesize(m.group('value') + 'B')
                 if comparison_value is None:
                     raise ValueError(
                         'Invalid value %r in format specification %r' % (
                             m.group('value'), filter_spec))
             op = OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
 
         if not m:
             STR_OPERATORS = {
                 '=': operator.eq,
                 '^=': lambda attr, value: attr.startswith(value),
                 '$=': lambda attr, value: attr.endswith(value),
                 '*=': lambda attr, value: value in attr,
             }
             str_operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)
                 \s*(?P<key>ext|acodec|vcodec|container|protocol|format_id|language)
                 \s*(?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?
                 \s*(?P<value>[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)
                 \s*$
                 ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, STR_OPERATORS.keys())))
             m = str_operator_rex.search(filter_spec)
             if m:
                 comparison_value = m.group('value')
                 str_op = STR_OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
                 if m.group('negation'):
                     op = lambda attr, value: not str_op(attr, value)
                 else:
                     op = str_op
 
         if not m:
             raise ValueError('Invalid filter specification %r' % filter_spec)
 
         def _filter(f):
             actual_value = f.get(m.group('key'))
             if actual_value is None:
                 return m.group('none_inclusive')
             return op(actual_value, comparison_value)
         return _filter
 
     def _default_format_spec(self, info_dict, download=True):
 
         def can_merge():
             merger = FFmpegMergerPP(self)
             return merger.available and merger.can_merge()
 
         def prefer_best():
             if self.params.get('simulate', False):
                 return False
             if not download:
                 return False
             if self.params.get('outtmpl', DEFAULT_OUTTMPL) == '-':
                 return True
             if info_dict.get('is_live'):
                 return True
             if not can_merge():
                 return True
             return False
 
         req_format_list = ['bestvideo+bestaudio', 'best']
         if prefer_best():
             req_format_list.reverse()
         return '/'.join(req_format_list)
 
     def build_format_selector(self, format_spec):
         def syntax_error(note, start):
             message = (
                 'Invalid format specification: '
                 '{0}\n\t{1}\n\t{2}^'.format(note, format_spec, ' ' * start[1]))
             return SyntaxError(message)
 
         PICKFIRST = 'PICKFIRST'
         MERGE = 'MERGE'
         SINGLE = 'SINGLE'
         GROUP = 'GROUP'
         FormatSelector = collections.namedtuple('FormatSelector', ['type', 'selector', 'filters'])
 
         def _parse_filter(tokens):
             filter_parts = []
             for type, string, start, _, _ in tokens:
                 if type == tokenize.OP and string == ']':
                     return ''.join(filter_parts)
                 else:
                     filter_parts.append(string)
 
         def _remove_unused_ops(tokens):
             # Remove operators that we don't use and join them with the surrounding strings
             # for example: 'mp4' '-' 'baseline' '-' '16x9' is converted to 'mp4-baseline-16x9'
             ALLOWED_OPS = ('/', '+', ',', '(', ')')
             last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line = None, None, None, None
             for type, string, start, end, line in tokens:
                 if type == tokenize.OP and string == '[':
                     if last_string:
                         yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
                         last_string = None
                     yield type, string, start, end, line
                     # everything inside brackets will be handled by _parse_filter
                     for type, string, start, end, line in tokens:
                         yield type, string, start, end, line
                         if type == tokenize.OP and string == ']':
                             break
                 elif type == tokenize.OP and string in ALLOWED_OPS:
                     if last_string:
                         yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
                         last_string = None
                     yield type, string, start, end, line
                 elif type in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER, tokenize.OP]:
                     if not last_string:
                         last_string = string
                         last_start = start
                         last_end = end
                     else:
                         last_string += string
             if last_string:
                 yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
 
         def _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_merge=False, inside_choice=False, inside_group=False):
             selectors = []
             current_selector = None
             for type, string, start, _, _ in tokens:
                 # ENCODING is only defined in python 3.x
                 if type == getattr(tokenize, 'ENCODING', None):
                     continue
                 elif type in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER]:
                     current_selector = FormatSelector(SINGLE, string, [])
                 elif type == tokenize.OP:
                     if string == ')':
                         if not inside_group:
                             # ')' will be handled by the parentheses group
                             tokens.restore_last_token()
                         break
                     elif inside_merge and string in ['/', ',']:
                         tokens.restore_last_token()
                         break
                     elif inside_choice and string == ',':
                         tokens.restore_last_token()
                         break
                     elif string == ',':
                         if not current_selector:
                             raise syntax_error('"," must follow a format selector', start)
                         selectors.append(current_selector)
                         current_selector = None
                     elif string == '/':
                         if not current_selector:
                             raise syntax_error('"/" must follow a format selector', start)
                         first_choice = current_selector
                         second_choice = _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_choice=True)
                         current_selector = FormatSelector(PICKFIRST, (first_choice, second_choice), [])
                     elif string == '[':
                         if not current_selector:
                             current_selector = FormatSelector(SINGLE, 'best', [])
                         format_filter = _parse_filter(tokens)
                         current_selector.filters.append(format_filter)
                     elif string == '(':
                         if current_selector:
                             raise syntax_error('Unexpected "("', start)
                         group = _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_group=True)
                         current_selector = FormatSelector(GROUP, group, [])
                     elif string == '+':
                         if inside_merge:
                             raise syntax_error('Unexpected "+"', start)
                         video_selector = current_selector
                         audio_selector = _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_merge=True)
                         if not video_selector or not audio_selector:
                             raise syntax_error('"+" must be between two format selectors', start)
                         current_selector = FormatSelector(MERGE, (video_selector, audio_selector), [])
                     else:
                         raise syntax_error('Operator not recognized: "{0}"'.format(string), start)
                 elif type == tokenize.ENDMARKER:
                     break
             if current_selector:
                 selectors.append(current_selector)
             return selectors
 
         def _build_selector_function(selector):
             if isinstance(selector, list):
                 fs = [_build_selector_function(s) for s in selector]
 
                 def selector_function(ctx):
                     for f in fs:
                         for format in f(ctx):
                             yield format
                 return selector_function
             elif selector.type == GROUP:
                 selector_function = _build_selector_function(selector.selector)
             elif selector.type == PICKFIRST:
                 fs = [_build_selector_function(s) for s in selector.selector]
 
                 def selector_function(ctx):
                     for f in fs:
                         picked_formats = list(f(ctx))
                         if picked_formats:
                             return picked_formats
                     return []
             elif selector.type == SINGLE:
                 format_spec = selector.selector
 
                 def selector_function(ctx):
                     formats = list(ctx['formats'])
                     if not formats:
                         return
                     if format_spec == 'all':
                         for f in formats:
                             yield f
                     elif format_spec in ['best', 'worst', None]:
                         format_idx = 0 if format_spec == 'worst' else -1
                         audiovideo_formats = [
                             f for f in formats
                             if f.get('vcodec') != 'none' and f.get('acodec') != 'none']
                         if audiovideo_formats:
                             yield audiovideo_formats[format_idx]
                         # for extractors with incomplete formats (audio only (soundcloud)
                         # or video only (imgur)) we will fallback to best/worst
                         # {video,audio}-only format
                         elif ctx['incomplete_formats']:
                             yield formats[format_idx]
                     elif format_spec == 'bestaudio':
                         audio_formats = [
                             f for f in formats
                             if f.get('vcodec') == 'none']
                         if audio_formats:
                             yield audio_formats[-1]
                     elif format_spec == 'worstaudio':
                         audio_formats = [
                             f for f in formats
                             if f.get('vcodec') == 'none']
                         if audio_formats:
                             yield audio_formats[0]
                     elif format_spec == 'bestvideo':
                         video_formats = [
                             f for f in formats
                             if f.get('acodec') == 'none']
                         if video_formats:
                             yield video_formats[-1]
                     elif format_spec == 'worstvideo':
                         video_formats = [
                             f for f in formats
                             if f.get('acodec') == 'none']
                         if video_formats:
                             yield video_formats[0]
                     else:
                         extensions = ['mp4', 'flv', 'webm', '3gp', 'm4a', 'mp3', 'ogg', 'aac', 'wav']
                         if format_spec in extensions:
                             filter_f = lambda f: f['ext'] == format_spec
                         else:
                             filter_f = lambda f: f['format_id'] == format_spec
                         matches = list(filter(filter_f, formats))
                         if matches:
                             yield matches[-1]
             elif selector.type == MERGE:
                 def _merge(formats_info):
                     format_1, format_2 = [f['format_id'] for f in formats_info]
                     # The first format must contain the video and the
                     # second the audio
                     if formats_info[0].get('vcodec') == 'none':
                         self.report_error('The first format must '
                                           'contain the video, try using '
                                           '"-f %s+%s"' % (format_2, format_1))
                         return
                     # Formats must be opposite (video+audio)
                     if formats_info[0].get('acodec') == 'none' and formats_info[1].get('acodec') == 'none':
                         self.report_error(
                             'Both formats %s and %s are video-only, you must specify "-f video+audio"'
                             % (format_1, format_2))
                         return
                     output_ext = (
                         formats_info[0]['ext']
                         if self.params.get('merge_output_format') is None
                         else self.params['merge_output_format'])
                     return {
                         'requested_formats': formats_info,
                         'format': '%s+%s' % (formats_info[0].get('format'),
                                              formats_info[1].get('format')),
                         'format_id': '%s+%s' % (formats_info[0].get('format_id'),
                                                 formats_info[1].get('format_id')),
                         'width': formats_info[0].get('width'),
                         'height': formats_info[0].get('height'),
                         'resolution': formats_info[0].get('resolution'),
                         'fps': formats_info[0].get('fps'),
                         'vcodec': formats_info[0].get('vcodec'),
                         'vbr': formats_info[0].get('vbr'),
                         'stretched_ratio': formats_info[0].get('stretched_ratio'),
                         'acodec': formats_info[1].get('acodec'),
                         'abr': formats_info[1].get('abr'),
                         'ext': output_ext,
                     }
                 video_selector, audio_selector = map(_build_selector_function, selector.selector)
 
                 def selector_function(ctx):
                     for pair in itertools.product(
                             video_selector(copy.deepcopy(ctx)), audio_selector(copy.deepcopy(ctx))):
                         yield _merge(pair)
 
             filters = [self._build_format_filter(f) for f in selector.filters]
 
             def final_selector(ctx):
                 ctx_copy = copy.deepcopy(ctx)
                 for _filter in filters:
                     ctx_copy['formats'] = list(filter(_filter, ctx_copy['formats']))
                 return selector_function(ctx_copy)
             return final_selector
 
         stream = io.BytesIO(format_spec.encode('utf-8'))
         try:
             tokens = list(_remove_unused_ops(compat_tokenize_tokenize(stream.readline)))
         except tokenize.TokenError:
             raise syntax_error('Missing closing/opening brackets or parenthesis', (0, len(format_spec)))
 
         class TokenIterator(object):
             def __init__(self, tokens):
                 self.tokens = tokens
                 self.counter = 0
 
             def __iter__(self):
                 return self
 
             def __next__(self):
                 if self.counter >= len(self.tokens):
                     raise StopIteration()
                 value = self.tokens[self.counter]
                 self.counter += 1
                 return value
 
             next = __next__
 
             def restore_last_token(self):
                 self.counter -= 1
 
         parsed_selector = _parse_format_selection(iter(TokenIterator(tokens)))
         return _build_selector_function(parsed_selector)
 
     def _calc_headers(self, info_dict):
         res = std_headers.copy()
 
         add_headers = info_dict.get('http_headers')
         if add_headers:
             res.update(add_headers)
 
         cookies = self._calc_cookies(info_dict)
         if cookies:
             res['Cookie'] = cookies
 
         if 'X-Forwarded-For' not in res:
             x_forwarded_for_ip = info_dict.get('__x_forwarded_for_ip')
             if x_forwarded_for_ip:
                 res['X-Forwarded-For'] = x_forwarded_for_ip
 
         return res
 
     def _calc_cookies(self, info_dict):
         pr = sanitized_Request(info_dict['url'])
         self.cookiejar.add_cookie_header(pr)
         return pr.get_header('Cookie')
 
     def process_video_result(self, info_dict, download=True):
         assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'
 
         if 'id' not in info_dict:
             raise ExtractorError('Missing "id" field in extractor result')
         if 'title' not in info_dict:
             raise ExtractorError('Missing "title" field in extractor result')
 
         def report_force_conversion(field, field_not, conversion):
             self.report_warning(
                 '"%s" field is not %s - forcing %s conversion, there is an error in extractor'
                 % (field, field_not, conversion))
 
         def sanitize_string_field(info, string_field):
             field = info.get(string_field)
             if field is None or isinstance(field, compat_str):
                 return
             report_force_conversion(string_field, 'a string', 'string')
             info[string_field] = compat_str(field)
 
         def sanitize_numeric_fields(info):
             for numeric_field in self._NUMERIC_FIELDS:
                 field = info.get(numeric_field)
                 if field is None or isinstance(field, compat_numeric_types):
                     continue
                 report_force_conversion(numeric_field, 'numeric', 'int')
                 info[numeric_field] = int_or_none(field)
 
         sanitize_string_field(info_dict, 'id')
         sanitize_numeric_fields(info_dict)
 
         if 'playlist' not in info_dict:
             # It isn't part of a playlist
             info_dict['playlist'] = None
             info_dict['playlist_index'] = None
 
         thumbnails = info_dict.get('thumbnails')
         if thumbnails is None:
             thumbnail = info_dict.get('thumbnail')
             if thumbnail:
                 info_dict['thumbnails'] = thumbnails = [{'url': thumbnail}]
         if thumbnails:
             thumbnails.sort(key=lambda t: (
                 t.get('preference') if t.get('preference') is not None else -1,
                 t.get('width') if t.get('width') is not None else -1,
                 t.get('height') if t.get('height') is not None else -1,
                 t.get('id') if t.get('id') is not None else '', t.get('url')))
             for i, t in enumerate(thumbnails):
                 t['url'] = sanitize_url(t['url'])
                 if t.get('width') and t.get('height'):
                     t['resolution'] = '%dx%d' % (t['width'], t['height'])
                 if t.get('id') is None:
                     t['id'] = '%d' % i
 
         if self.params.get('list_thumbnails'):
             self.list_thumbnails(info_dict)
             return
 
         thumbnail = info_dict.get('thumbnail')
         if thumbnail:
             info_dict['thumbnail'] = sanitize_url(thumbnail)
         elif thumbnails:
             info_dict['thumbnail'] = thumbnails[-1]['url']
 
         if 'display_id' not in info_dict and 'id' in info_dict:
             info_dict['display_id'] = info_dict['id']
 
         for ts_key, date_key in (
                 ('timestamp', 'upload_date'),
                 ('release_timestamp', 'release_date'),
         ):
             if info_dict.get(date_key) is None and info_dict.get(ts_key) is not None:
                 # Working around out-of-range timestamp values (e.g. negative ones on Windows,
                 # see http://bugs.python.org/issue1646728)
                 try:
                     upload_date = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(info_dict[ts_key])
                     info_dict[date_key] = upload_date.strftime('%Y%m%d')
                 except (ValueError, OverflowError, OSError):
                     pass
 
         # Auto generate title fields corresponding to the *_number fields when missing
         # in order to always have clean titles. This is very common for TV series.
         for field in ('chapter', 'season', 'episode'):
             if info_dict.get('%s_number' % field) is not None and not info_dict.get(field):
                 info_dict[field] = '%s %d' % (field.capitalize(), info_dict['%s_number' % field])
 
         for cc_kind in ('subtitles', 'automatic_captions'):
             cc = info_dict.get(cc_kind)
             if cc:
                 for _, subtitle in cc.items():
                     for subtitle_format in subtitle:
                         if subtitle_format.get('url'):
                             subtitle_format['url'] = sanitize_url(subtitle_format['url'])
                         if subtitle_format.get('ext') is None:
                             subtitle_format['ext'] = determine_ext(subtitle_format['url']).lower()
 
         automatic_captions = info_dict.get('automatic_captions')
         subtitles = info_dict.get('subtitles')
 
         if self.params.get('listsubtitles', False):
             if 'automatic_captions' in info_dict:
                 self.list_subtitles(
                     info_dict['id'], automatic_captions, 'automatic captions')
             self.list_subtitles(info_dict['id'], subtitles, 'subtitles')
             return
 
         info_dict['requested_subtitles'] = self.process_subtitles(
             info_dict['id'], subtitles, automatic_captions)
 
         # We now pick which formats have to be downloaded
         if info_dict.get('formats') is None:
             # There's only one format available
             formats = [info_dict]
         else:
             formats = info_dict['formats']
 
         if not formats:
             raise ExtractorError('No video formats found!')
 
         def is_wellformed(f):
             url = f.get('url')
             if not url:
                 self.report_warning(
                     '"url" field is missing or empty - skipping format, '
                     'there is an error in extractor')
                 return False
             if isinstance(url, bytes):
                 sanitize_string_field(f, 'url')
             return True
 
         # Filter out malformed formats for better extraction robustness
         formats = list(filter(is_wellformed, formats))
 
         formats_dict = {}
 
         # We check that all the formats have the format and format_id fields
         for i, format in enumerate(formats):
             sanitize_string_field(format, 'format_id')
             sanitize_numeric_fields(format)
             format['url'] = sanitize_url(format['url'])
             if not format.get('format_id'):
                 format['format_id'] = compat_str(i)
             else:
                 # Sanitize format_id from characters used in format selector expression
                 format['format_id'] = re.sub(r'[\s,/+\[\]()]', '_', format['format_id'])
             format_id = format['format_id']
             if format_id not in formats_dict:
                 formats_dict[format_id] = []
             formats_dict[format_id].append(format)
 
         # Make sure all formats have unique format_id
         for format_id, ambiguous_formats in formats_dict.items():
             if len(ambiguous_formats) > 1:
                 for i, format in enumerate(ambiguous_formats):
                     format['format_id'] = '%s-%d' % (format_id, i)
 
         for i, format in enumerate(formats):
             if format.get('format') is None:
                 format['format'] = '{id} - {res}{note}'.format(
                     id=format['format_id'],
                     res=self.format_resolution(format),
                     note=' ({0})'.format(format['format_note']) if format.get('format_note') is not None else '',
                 )
             # Automatically determine file extension if missing
             if format.get('ext') is None:
                 format['ext'] = determine_ext(format['url']).lower()
             # Automatically determine protocol if missing (useful for format
             # selection purposes)
             if format.get('protocol') is None:
                 format['protocol'] = determine_protocol(format)
             # Add HTTP headers, so that external programs can use them from the
             # json output
             full_format_info = info_dict.copy()
             full_format_info.update(format)
             format['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(full_format_info)
         # Remove private housekeeping stuff
         if '__x_forwarded_for_ip' in info_dict:
             del info_dict['__x_forwarded_for_ip']
 
         # TODO Central sorting goes here
 
         if formats[0] is not info_dict:
             # only set the 'formats' fields if the original info_dict list them
             # otherwise we end up with a circular reference, the first (and unique)
             # element in the 'formats' field in info_dict is info_dict itself,
             # which can't be exported to json
             info_dict['formats'] = formats
         if self.params.get('listformats'):
             self.list_formats(info_dict)
             return
 
         req_format = self.params.get('format')
         if req_format is None:
             req_format = self._default_format_spec(info_dict, download=download)
             if self.params.get('verbose'):
                 self._write_string('[debug] Default format spec: %s\n' % req_format)
 
         format_selector = self.build_format_selector(req_format)
 
         # While in format selection we may need to have an access to the original
         # format set in order to calculate some metrics or do some processing.
         # For now we need to be able to guess whether original formats provided
         # by extractor are incomplete or not (i.e. whether extractor provides only
         # video-only or audio-only formats) for proper formats selection for
         # extractors with such incomplete formats (see
         # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/5556).
         # Since formats may be filtered during format selection and may not match
         # the original formats the results may be incorrect. Thus original formats
         # or pre-calculated metrics should be passed to format selection routines
         # as well.
         # We will pass a context object containing all necessary additional data
         # instead of just formats.
         # This fixes incorrect format selection issue (see
         # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/10083).
         incomplete_formats = (
             # All formats are video-only or
             all(f.get('vcodec') != 'none' and f.get('acodec') == 'none' for f in formats)
             # all formats are audio-only
             or all(f.get('vcodec') == 'none' and f.get('acodec') != 'none' for f in formats))
 
         ctx = {
             'formats': formats,
             'incomplete_formats': incomplete_formats,
         }
 
         formats_to_download = list(format_selector(ctx))
         if not formats_to_download:
             raise ExtractorError('requested format not available',
                                  expected=True)
 
         if download:
             if len(formats_to_download) > 1:
                 self.to_screen('[info] %s: downloading video in %s formats' % (info_dict['id'], len(formats_to_download)))
             for format in formats_to_download:
                 new_info = dict(info_dict)
                 new_info.update(format)
                 self.process_info(new_info)
         # We update the info dict with the best quality format (backwards compatibility)
         info_dict.update(formats_to_download[-1])
         return info_dict
 
     def process_subtitles(self, video_id, normal_subtitles, automatic_captions):
         """Select the requested subtitles and their format"""
         available_subs = {}
         if normal_subtitles and self.params.get('writesubtitles'):
             available_subs.update(normal_subtitles)
         if automatic_captions and self.params.get('writeautomaticsub'):
             for lang, cap_info in automatic_captions.items():
                 if lang not in available_subs:
                     available_subs[lang] = cap_info
 
         if (not self.params.get('writesubtitles') and not
                 self.params.get('writeautomaticsub') or not
                 available_subs):
             return None
 
         if self.params.get('allsubtitles', False):
             requested_langs = available_subs.keys()
         else:
             if self.params.get('subtitleslangs', False):
                 requested_langs = self.params.get('subtitleslangs')
             elif 'en' in available_subs:
                 requested_langs = ['en']
             else:
                 requested_langs = [list(available_subs.keys())[0]]
 
         formats_query = self.params.get('subtitlesformat', 'best')
         formats_preference = formats_query.split('/') if formats_query else []
         subs = {}
         for lang in requested_langs:
             formats = available_subs.get(lang)
             if formats is None:
                 self.report_warning('%s subtitles not available for %s' % (lang, video_id))
                 continue
             for ext in formats_preference:
                 if ext == 'best':
                     f = formats[-1]
                     break
                 matches = list(filter(lambda f: f['ext'] == ext, formats))
                 if matches:
                     f = matches[-1]
                     break
             else:
                 f = formats[-1]
                 self.report_warning(
                     'No subtitle format found matching "%s" for language %s, '
                     'using %s' % (formats_query, lang, f['ext']))
             subs[lang] = f
         return subs
 
     def __forced_printings(self, info_dict, filename, incomplete):
         def print_mandatory(field):
             if (self.params.get('force%s' % field, False)
                     and (not incomplete or info_dict.get(field) is not None)):
                 self.to_stdout(info_dict[field])
 
         def print_optional(field):
             if (self.params.get('force%s' % field, False)
                     and info_dict.get(field) is not None):
                 self.to_stdout(info_dict[field])
 
         print_mandatory('title')
         print_mandatory('id')
         if self.params.get('forceurl', False) and not incomplete:
             if info_dict.get('requested_formats') is not None:
                 for f in info_dict['requested_formats']:
                     self.to_stdout(f['url'] + f.get('play_path', ''))
             else:
                 # For RTMP URLs, also include the playpath
                 self.to_stdout(info_dict['url'] + info_dict.get('play_path', ''))
         print_optional('thumbnail')
         print_optional('description')
         if self.params.get('forcefilename', False) and filename is not None:
             self.to_stdout(filename)
         if self.params.get('forceduration', False) and info_dict.get('duration') is not None:
             self.to_stdout(formatSeconds(info_dict['duration']))
         print_mandatory('format')
         if self.params.get('forcejson', False):
             self.to_stdout(json.dumps(info_dict))
 
     def process_info(self, info_dict):
         """Process a single resolved IE result."""
 
         assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'
 
         max_downloads = self.params.get('max_downloads')
         if max_downloads is not None:
             if self._num_downloads >= int(max_downloads):
                 raise MaxDownloadsReached()
 
         # TODO: backward compatibility, to be removed
         info_dict['fulltitle'] = info_dict['title']
 
         if 'format' not in info_dict:
             info_dict['format'] = info_dict['ext']
 
         reason = self._match_entry(info_dict, incomplete=False)
         if reason is not None:
             self.to_screen('[download] ' + reason)
             return
 
         self._num_downloads += 1
 
         info_dict['_filename'] = filename = self.prepare_filename(info_dict)
 
         # Forced printings
         self.__forced_printings(info_dict, filename, incomplete=False)
 
         # Do nothing else if in simulate mode
         if self.params.get('simulate', False):
             return
 
         if filename is None:
             return
 
         def ensure_dir_exists(path):
             try:
                 dn = os.path.dirname(path)
                 if dn and not os.path.exists(dn):
                     os.makedirs(dn)
                 return True
             except (OSError, IOError) as err:
                 if isinstance(err, OSError) and err.errno == errno.EEXIST:
                     return True
                 self.report_error('unable to create directory ' + error_to_compat_str(err))
                 return False
 
         if not ensure_dir_exists(sanitize_path(encodeFilename(filename))):
             return
 
         if self.params.get('writedescription', False):
             descfn = replace_extension(filename, 'description', info_dict.get('ext'))
             if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(descfn)):
                 self.to_screen('[info] Video description is already present')
             elif info_dict.get('description') is None:
                 self.report_warning('There\'s no description to write.')
             else:
                 try:
                     self.to_screen('[info] Writing video description to: ' + descfn)
                     with io.open(encodeFilename(descfn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as descfile:
                         descfile.write(info_dict['description'])
                 except (OSError, IOError):
                     self.report_error('Cannot write description file ' + descfn)
                     return
 
         if self.params.get('writeannotations', False):
             annofn = replace_extension(filename, 'annotations.xml', info_dict.get('ext'))
             if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(annofn)):
                 self.to_screen('[info] Video annotations are already present')
             elif not info_dict.get('annotations'):
                 self.report_warning('There are no annotations to write.')
             else:
                 try:
                     self.to_screen('[info] Writing video annotations to: ' + annofn)
                     with io.open(encodeFilename(annofn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as annofile:
                         annofile.write(info_dict['annotations'])
                 except (KeyError, TypeError):
                     self.report_warning('There are no annotations to write.')
                 except (OSError, IOError):
                     self.report_error('Cannot write annotations file: ' + annofn)
                     return
 
         subtitles_are_requested = any([self.params.get('writesubtitles', False),
                                        self.params.get('writeautomaticsub')])
 
         if subtitles_are_requested and info_dict.get('requested_subtitles'):
             # subtitles download errors are already managed as troubles in relevant IE
             # that way it will silently go on when used with unsupporting IE
             subtitles = info_dict['requested_subtitles']
             ie = self.get_info_extractor(info_dict['extractor_key'])
             for sub_lang, sub_info in subtitles.items():
                 sub_format = sub_info['ext']
                 sub_filename = subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format, info_dict.get('ext'))
                 if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(sub_filename)):
                     self.to_screen('[info] Video subtitle %s.%s is already present' % (sub_lang, sub_format))
                 else:
                     self.to_screen('[info] Writing video subtitles to: ' + sub_filename)
                     if sub_info.get('data') is not None:
                         try:
                             # Use newline='' to prevent conversion of newline characters
                             # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/10268
                             with io.open(encodeFilename(sub_filename), 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as subfile:
                                 subfile.write(sub_info['data'])
                         except (OSError, IOError):
                             self.report_error('Cannot write subtitles file ' + sub_filename)
                             return
                     else:
                         try:
                             sub_data = ie._request_webpage(
                                 sub_info['url'], info_dict['id'], note=False).read()
                             with io.open(encodeFilename(sub_filename), 'wb') as subfile:
                                 subfile.write(sub_data)
                         except (ExtractorError, IOError, OSError, ValueError) as err:
                             self.report_warning('Unable to download subtitle for "%s": %s' %
                                                 (sub_lang, error_to_compat_str(err)))
                             continue
 
         if self.params.get('writeinfojson', False):
             infofn = replace_extension(filename, 'info.json', info_dict.get('ext'))
             if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(infofn)):
                 self.to_screen('[info] Video description metadata is already present')
             else:
                 self.to_screen('[info] Writing video description metadata as JSON to: ' + infofn)
                 try:
                     write_json_file(self.filter_requested_info(info_dict), infofn)
                 except (OSError, IOError):
                     self.report_error('Cannot write metadata to JSON file ' + infofn)
                     return
 
         self._write_thumbnails(info_dict, filename)
 
         if not self.params.get('skip_download', False):
             try:
                 def dl(name, info):
                     fd = get_suitable_downloader(info, self.params)(self, self.params)
                     for ph in self._progress_hooks:
                         fd.add_progress_hook(ph)
                     if self.params.get('verbose'):
                         self.to_screen('[debug] Invoking downloader on %r' % info.get('url'))
                     return fd.download(name, info)
 
                 if info_dict.get('requested_formats') is not None:
                     downloaded = []
                     success = True
                     merger = FFmpegMergerPP(self)
                     if not merger.available:
                         postprocessors = []
                         self.report_warning('You have requested multiple '
                                             'formats but ffmpeg or avconv are not installed.'
                                             ' The formats won\'t be merged.')
                     else:
                         postprocessors = [merger]
 
                     def compatible_formats(formats):
                         video, audio = formats
                         # Check extension
                         video_ext, audio_ext = video.get('ext'), audio.get('ext')
                         if video_ext and audio_ext:
                             COMPATIBLE_EXTS = (
                                 ('mp3', 'mp4', 'm4a', 'm4p', 'm4b', 'm4r', 'm4v', 'ismv', 'isma'),
                                 ('webm')
                             )
                             for exts in COMPATIBLE_EXTS:
                                 if video_ext in exts and audio_ext in exts:
                                     return True
                         # TODO: Check acodec/vcodec
                         return False
 
                     filename_real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1][1:]
                     filename_wo_ext = (
                         os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
                         if filename_real_ext == info_dict['ext']
                         else filename)
                     requested_formats = info_dict['requested_formats']
                     if self.params.get('merge_output_format') is None and not compatible_formats(requested_formats):
                         info_dict['ext'] = 'mkv'
                         self.report_warning(
                             'Requested formats are incompatible for merge and will be merged into mkv.')
                     # Ensure filename always has a correct extension for successful merge
                     filename = '%s.%s' % (filename_wo_ext, info_dict['ext'])
                     if os.path.exists(encodeFilename(filename)):
                         self.to_screen(
                             '[download] %s has already been downloaded and '
                             'merged' % filename)
                     else:
                         for f in requested_formats:
                             new_info = dict(info_dict)
                             new_info.update(f)
                             fname = prepend_extension(
                                 self.prepare_filename(new_info),
                                 'f%s' % f['format_id'], new_info['ext'])
                             if not ensure_dir_exists(fname):
                                 return
                             downloaded.append(fname)
                             partial_success = dl(fname, new_info)
                             success = success and partial_success
                         info_dict['__postprocessors'] = postprocessors
                         info_dict['__files_to_merge'] = downloaded
                 else:
                     # Just a single file
                     success = dl(filename, info_dict)
             except (compat_urllib_error.URLError, compat_http_client.HTTPException, socket.error) as err:
                 self.report_error('unable to download video data: %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
                 return
             except (OSError, IOError) as err:
                 raise UnavailableVideoError(err)
             except (ContentTooShortError, ) as err:
                 self.report_error('content too short (expected %s bytes and served %s)' % (err.expected, err.downloaded))
                 return
 
             if success and filename != '-':
                 # Fixup content
                 fixup_policy = self.params.get('fixup')
                 if fixup_policy is None:
                     fixup_policy = 'detect_or_warn'
 
                 INSTALL_FFMPEG_MESSAGE = 'Install ffmpeg or avconv to fix this automatically.'
 
                 stretched_ratio = info_dict.get('stretched_ratio')
                 if stretched_ratio is not None and stretched_ratio != 1:
                     if fixup_policy == 'warn':
                         self.report_warning('%s: Non-uniform pixel ratio (%s)' % (
                             info_dict['id'], stretched_ratio))
                     elif fixup_policy == 'detect_or_warn':
                         stretched_pp = FFmpegFixupStretchedPP(self)
                         if stretched_pp.available:
                             info_dict.setdefault('__postprocessors', [])
                             info_dict['__postprocessors'].append(stretched_pp)
                         else:
                             self.report_warning(
                                 '%s: Non-uniform pixel ratio (%s). %s'
                                 % (info_dict['id'], stretched_ratio, INSTALL_FFMPEG_MESSAGE))
                     else:
                         assert fixup_policy in ('ignore', 'never')
 
                 if (info_dict.get('requested_formats') is None
                         and info_dict.get('container') == 'm4a_dash'):
                     if fixup_policy == 'warn':
                         self.report_warning(
                             '%s: writing DASH m4a. '
                             'Only some players support this container.'
                             % info_dict['id'])
                     elif fixup_policy == 'detect_or_warn':
                         fixup_pp = FFmpegFixupM4aPP(self)
                         if fixup_pp.available:
                             info_dict.setdefault('__postprocessors', [])
                             info_dict['__postprocessors'].append(fixup_pp)
                         else:
                             self.report_warning(
                                 '%s: writing DASH m4a. '
                                 'Only some players support this container. %s'
                                 % (info_dict['id'], INSTALL_FFMPEG_MESSAGE))
                     else:
                         assert fixup_policy in ('ignore', 'never')
 
                 if (info_dict.get('protocol') == 'm3u8_native'
                         or info_dict.get('protocol') == 'm3u8'
                         and self.params.get('hls_prefer_native')):
                     if fixup_policy == 'warn':
                         self.report_warning('%s: malformed AAC bitstream detected.' % (
                             info_dict['id']))
                     elif fixup_policy == 'detect_or_warn':
                         fixup_pp = FFmpegFixupM3u8PP(self)
                         if fixup_pp.available:
                             info_dict.setdefault('__postprocessors', [])
                             info_dict['__postprocessors'].append(fixup_pp)
                         else:
                             self.report_warning(
                                 '%s: malformed AAC bitstream detected. %s'
                                 % (info_dict['id'], INSTALL_FFMPEG_MESSAGE))
                     else:
                         assert fixup_policy in ('ignore', 'never')
 
                 try:
                     self.post_process(filename, info_dict)
                 except (PostProcessingError) as err:
                     self.report_error('postprocessing: %s' % str(err))
                     return
                 self.record_download_archive(info_dict)
 
     def download(self, url_list):
         """Download a given list of URLs."""
         outtmpl = self.params.get('outtmpl', DEFAULT_OUTTMPL)
         if (len(url_list) > 1
                 and outtmpl != '-'
                 and '%' not in outtmpl
                 and self.params.get('max_downloads') != 1):
             raise SameFileError(outtmpl)
 
         for url in url_list:
             try:
                 # It also downloads the videos
                 res = self.extract_info(
                     url, force_generic_extractor=self.params.get('force_generic_extractor', False))
             except UnavailableVideoError:
                 self.report_error('unable to download video')
             except MaxDownloadsReached:
                 self.to_screen('[info] Maximum number of downloaded files reached.')
                 raise
             else:
                 if self.params.get('dump_single_json', False):
                     self.to_stdout(json.dumps(res))
 
         return self._download_retcode
 
     def download_with_info_file(self, info_filename):
         with contextlib.closing(fileinput.FileInput(
                 [info_filename], mode='r',
                 openhook=fileinput.hook_encoded('utf-8'))) as f:
             # FileInput doesn't have a read method, we can't call json.load
             info = self.filter_requested_info(json.loads('\n'.join(f)))
         try:
             self.process_ie_result(info, download=True)
         except DownloadError:
             webpage_url = info.get('webpage_url')
             if webpage_url is not None:
                 self.report_warning('The info failed to download, trying with "%s"' % webpage_url)
                 return self.download([webpage_url])
             else:
                 raise
         return self._download_retcode
 
     @staticmethod
     def filter_requested_info(info_dict):
         return dict(
             (k, v) for k, v in info_dict.items()
             if k not in ['requested_formats', 'requested_subtitles'])
 
     def post_process(self, filename, ie_info):
         """Run all the postprocessors on the given file."""
         info = dict(ie_info)
         info['filepath'] = filename
         pps_chain = []
         if ie_info.get('__postprocessors') is not None:
             pps_chain.extend(ie_info['__postprocessors'])
         pps_chain.extend(self._pps)
         for pp in pps_chain:
             files_to_delete = []
             try:
                 files_to_delete, info = pp.run(info)
             except PostProcessingError as e:
                 self.report_error(e.msg)
             if files_to_delete and not self.params.get('keepvideo', False):
                 for old_filename in files_to_delete:
                     self.to_screen('Deleting original file %s (pass -k to keep)' % old_filename)
                     try:
                         os.remove(encodeFilename(old_filename))
                     except (IOError, OSError):
                         self.report_warning('Unable to remove downloaded original file')
 
     def _make_archive_id(self, info_dict):
         video_id = info_dict.get('id')
         if not video_id:
             return
         # Future-proof against any change in case
         # and backwards compatibility with prior versions
         extractor = info_dict.get('extractor_key') or info_dict.get('ie_key')  # key in a playlist
         if extractor is None:
             url = str_or_none(info_dict.get('url'))
             if not url:
                 return
             # Try to find matching extractor for the URL and take its ie_key
             for ie in self._ies:
                 if ie.suitable(url):
                     extractor = ie.ie_key()
                     break
             else:
                 return
         return extractor.lower() + ' ' + video_id
 
     def in_download_archive(self, info_dict):
         fn = self.params.get('download_archive')
         if fn is None:
             return False
 
         vid_id = self._make_archive_id(info_dict)
         if not vid_id:
             return False  # Incomplete video information
 
         try:
             with locked_file(fn, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as archive_file:
                 for line in archive_file:
                     if line.strip() == vid_id:
                         return True
         except IOError as ioe:
             if ioe.errno != errno.ENOENT:
                 raise
         return False
 
     def record_download_archive(self, info_dict):
         fn = self.params.get('download_archive')
         if fn is None:
             return
         vid_id = self._make_archive_id(info_dict)
         assert vid_id
         with locked_file(fn, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as archive_file:
             archive_file.write(vid_id + '\n')
 
     @staticmethod
     def format_resolution(format, default='unknown'):
         if format.get('vcodec') == 'none':
             return 'audio only'
         if format.get('resolution') is not None:
             return format['resolution']
         if format.get('height') is not None:
             if format.get('width') is not None:
                 res = '%sx%s' % (format['width'], format['height'])
             else:
                 res = '%sp' % format['height']
         elif format.get('width') is not None:
             res = '%dx?' % format['width']
         else:
             res = default
         return res
 
     def _format_note(self, fdict):
         res = ''
         if fdict.get('ext') in ['f4f', 'f4m']:
             res += '(unsupported) '
         if fdict.get('language'):
             if res:
                 res += ' '
             res += '[%s] ' % fdict['language']
         if fdict.get('format_note') is not None:
             res += fdict['format_note'] + ' '
         if fdict.get('tbr') is not None:
             res += '%4dk ' % fdict['tbr']
         if fdict.get('container') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
             res += '%s container' % fdict['container']
         if (fdict.get('vcodec') is not None
                 and fdict.get('vcodec') != 'none'):
             if res:
                 res += ', '
             res += fdict['vcodec']
             if fdict.get('vbr') is not None:
                 res += '@'
         elif fdict.get('vbr') is not None and fdict.get('abr') is not None:
             res += 'video@'
         if fdict.get('vbr') is not None:
             res += '%4dk' % fdict['vbr']
         if fdict.get('fps') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
             res += '%sfps' % fdict['fps']
         if fdict.get('acodec') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
             if fdict['acodec'] == 'none':
                 res += 'video only'
             else:
                 res += '%-5s' % fdict['acodec']
         elif fdict.get('abr') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
             res += 'audio'
         if fdict.get('abr') is not None:
             res += '@%3dk' % fdict['abr']
         if fdict.get('asr') is not None:
             res += ' (%5dHz)' % fdict['asr']
         if fdict.get('filesize') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
             res += format_bytes(fdict['filesize'])
         elif fdict.get('filesize_approx') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
             res += '~' + format_bytes(fdict['filesize_approx'])
         return res
 
     def list_formats(self, info_dict):
         formats = info_dict.get('formats', [info_dict])
         table = [
             [f['format_id'], f['ext'], self.format_resolution(f), self._format_note(f)]
             for f in formats
             if f.get('preference') is None or f['preference'] >= -1000]
         if len(formats) > 1:
             table[-1][-1] += (' ' if table[-1][-1] else '') + '(best)'
 
         header_line = ['format code', 'extension', 'resolution', 'note']
         self.to_screen(
             '[info] Available formats for %s:\n%s' %
             (info_dict['id'], render_table(header_line, table)))
 
     def list_thumbnails(self, info_dict):
         thumbnails = info_dict.get('thumbnails')
         if not thumbnails:
             self.to_screen('[info] No thumbnails present for %s' % info_dict['id'])
             return
 
         self.to_screen(
             '[info] Thumbnails for %s:' % info_dict['id'])
         self.to_screen(render_table(
             ['ID', 'width', 'height', 'URL'],
             [[t['id'], t.get('width', 'unknown'), t.get('height', 'unknown'), t['url']] for t in thumbnails]))
 
     def list_subtitles(self, video_id, subtitles, name='subtitles'):
         if not subtitles:
             self.to_screen('%s has no %s' % (video_id, name))
             return
         self.to_screen(
             'Available %s for %s:' % (name, video_id))
         self.to_screen(render_table(
             ['Language', 'formats'],
             [[lang, ', '.join(f['ext'] for f in reversed(formats))]
                 for lang, formats in subtitles.items()]))
 
     def urlopen(self, req):
         """ Start an HTTP download """
         if isinstance(req, compat_basestring):
             req = sanitized_Request(req)
         return self._opener.open(req, timeout=self._socket_timeout)
 
     def print_debug_header(self):
         if not self.params.get('verbose'):
             return
 
         if type('') is not compat_str:
             # Python 2.6 on SLES11 SP1 (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/3326)
             self.report_warning(
                 'Your Python is broken! Update to a newer and supported version')
 
         stdout_encoding = getattr(
             sys.stdout, 'encoding', 'missing (%s)' % type(sys.stdout).__name__)
         encoding_str = (
             '[debug] Encodings: locale %s, fs %s, out %s, pref %s\n' % (
                 locale.getpreferredencoding(),
                 sys.getfilesystemencoding(),
                 stdout_encoding,
                 self.get_encoding()))
         write_string(encoding_str, encoding=None)
 
         self._write_string('[debug] youtube-dl version ' + __version__ + '\n')
         if _LAZY_LOADER:
             self._write_string('[debug] Lazy loading extractors enabled' + '\n')
         try:
             sp = subprocess.Popen(
                 ['git', 'rev-parse', '--short', 'HEAD'],
                 stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                 cwd=os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
             out, err = sp.communicate()
             out = out.decode().strip()
             if re.match('[0-9a-f]+', out):
                 self._write_string('[debug] Git HEAD: ' + out + '\n')
         except Exception:
             try:
                 sys.exc_clear()
             except Exception:
                 pass
 
         def python_implementation():
             impl_name = platform.python_implementation()
             if impl_name == 'PyPy' and hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
                 return impl_name + ' version %d.%d.%d' % sys.pypy_version_info[:3]
             return impl_name
 
         self._write_string('[debug] Python version %s (%s) - %s\n' % (
             platform.python_version(), python_implementation(),
             platform_name()))
 
         exe_versions = FFmpegPostProcessor.get_versions(self)
         exe_versions['rtmpdump'] = rtmpdump_version()
         exe_versions['phantomjs'] = PhantomJSwrapper._version()
         exe_str = ', '.join(
             '%s %s' % (exe, v)
             for exe, v in sorted(exe_versions.items())
             if v
         )
         if not exe_str:
             exe_str = 'none'
         self._write_string('[debug] exe versions: %s\n' % exe_str)
 
         proxy_map = {}
         for handler in self._opener.handlers:
             if hasattr(handler, 'proxies'):
                 proxy_map.update(handler.proxies)
         self._write_string('[debug] Proxy map: ' + compat_str(proxy_map) + '\n')
 
         if self.params.get('call_home', False):
             ipaddr = self.urlopen('https://yt-dl.org/ip').read().decode('utf-8')
             self._write_string('[debug] Public IP address: %s\n' % ipaddr)
             latest_version = self.urlopen(
                 'https://yt-dl.org/latest/version').read().decode('utf-8')
             if version_tuple(latest_version) > version_tuple(__version__):
                 self.report_warning(
                     'You are using an outdated version (newest version: %s)! '
                     'See https://yt-dl.org/update if you need help updating.' %
                     latest_version)
 
     def _setup_opener(self):
         timeout_val = self.params.get('socket_timeout')
         self._socket_timeout = 600 if timeout_val is None else float(timeout_val)
 
         opts_cookiefile = self.params.get('cookiefile')
         opts_proxy = self.params.get('proxy')
 
         if opts_cookiefile is None:
             self.cookiejar = compat_cookiejar.CookieJar()
         else:
             opts_cookiefile = expand_path(opts_cookiefile)
             self.cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar(opts_cookiefile)
             if os.access(opts_cookiefile, os.R_OK):
                 self.cookiejar.load(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
 
         cookie_processor = YoutubeDLCookieProcessor(self.cookiejar)
         if opts_proxy is not None:
             if opts_proxy == '':
                 proxies = {}
             else:
                 proxies = {'http': opts_proxy, 'https': opts_proxy}
         else:
             proxies = compat_urllib_request.getproxies()
             # Set HTTPS proxy to HTTP one if given (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/805)
             if 'http' in proxies and 'https' not in proxies:
                 proxies['https'] = proxies['http']
         proxy_handler = PerRequestProxyHandler(proxies)
 
         debuglevel = 1 if self.params.get('debug_printtraffic') else 0
         https_handler = make_HTTPS_handler(self.params, debuglevel=debuglevel)
         ydlh = YoutubeDLHandler(self.params, debuglevel=debuglevel)
         redirect_handler = YoutubeDLRedirectHandler()
         data_handler = compat_urllib_request_DataHandler()
 
         # When passing our own FileHandler instance, build_opener won't add the
         # default FileHandler and allows us to disable the file protocol, which
         # can be used for malicious purposes (see
         # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8227)
         file_handler = compat_urllib_request.FileHandler()
 
         def file_open(*args, **kwargs):
             raise compat_urllib_error.URLError('file:// scheme is explicitly disabled in youtube-dl for security reasons')
         file_handler.file_open = file_open
 
         opener = compat_urllib_request.build_opener(
             proxy_handler, https_handler, cookie_processor, ydlh, redirect_handler, data_handler, file_handler)
 
         # Delete the default user-agent header, which would otherwise apply in
         # cases where our custom HTTP handler doesn't come into play
         # (See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/1309 for details)
         opener.addheaders = []
         self._opener = opener
 
     def encode(self, s):
         if isinstance(s, bytes):
             return s  # Already encoded
 
         try:
             return s.encode(self.get_encoding())
         except UnicodeEncodeError as err:
             err.reason = err.reason + '. Check your system encoding configuration or use the --encoding option.'
             raise
 
     def get_encoding(self):
         encoding = self.params.get('encoding')
         if encoding is None:
             encoding = preferredencoding()
         return encoding
 
     def _write_thumbnails(self, info_dict, filename):
         if self.params.get('writethumbnail', False):
             thumbnails = info_dict.get('thumbnails')
             if thumbnails:
                 thumbnails = [thumbnails[-1]]
         elif self.params.get('write_all_thumbnails', False):
             thumbnails = info_dict.get('thumbnails')
         else:
             return
 
         if not thumbnails:
             # No thumbnails present, so return immediately
             return
 
         for t in thumbnails:
             thumb_ext = determine_ext(t['url'], 'jpg')
             suffix = '_%s' % t['id'] if len(thumbnails) > 1 else ''
             thumb_display_id = '%s ' % t['id'] if len(thumbnails) > 1 else ''
             t['filename'] = thumb_filename = replace_extension(filename + suffix, thumb_ext, info_dict.get('ext'))
 
             if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(thumb_filename)):
                 self.to_screen('[%s] %s: Thumbnail %sis already present' %
                                (info_dict['extractor'], info_dict['id'], thumb_display_id))
             else:
                 self.to_screen('[%s] %s: Downloading thumbnail %s...' %
                                (info_dict['extractor'], info_dict['id'], thumb_display_id))
                 try:
                     uf = self.urlopen(t['url'])
                     with open(encodeFilename(thumb_filename), 'wb') as thumbf:
                         shutil.copyfileobj(uf, thumbf)
                     self.to_screen('[%s] %s: Writing thumbnail %sto: %s' %
                                    (info_dict['extractor'], info_dict['id'], thumb_display_id, thumb_filename))
                 except (compat_urllib_error.URLError, compat_http_client.HTTPException, socket.error) as err:
                     self.report_warning('Unable to download thumbnail "%s": %s' %
                                         (t['url'], error_to_compat_str(err)))